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Oligospermia is a profoundly disturbing diagnosis for a man. It needs careful evaluation before a definitive diagnosis is made, and before appropriate treatment can be decided upon. Image shows human sperm and cell bodies photomicrograph viewed under a 100x objective. Semen analysis Semen analysis is the primary technique to test for male fertility, and is often the point of referral. […]
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Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) is characterized by a severely impaired immune response. Credit: Andrey_Popov/Shutterstock.com The activity of their specialized white blood cells (T and B lymphocytes, and, occasionally, natural killer cells) is so low that the body lacks its primary defense response, leaving it vulnerable to infection by viruses, bacteria and fungi. Without effective protection or treatment, SCID is […]
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Labial reduction is a term used to describe any surgical procedure that is intended to reduce the size and volume of the labia minora. The criteria for labial reduction are either functional or aesthetic, though in the majority of cases the latter is predominant. This is surprising in view of the fact that the ideal female vulva does not exist, […]
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Microdermabrasion or ‘power peel’ is a type of cosmetic skin surgery in which the outermost or most superficial layers of the skin are removed using a fine abrasive applied very gently. It is not a one-time treatment but is usually repeated at intervals, leading to the formation of a new skin layer which is smoother. Its aim is to improve […]
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Leigh’s disease is a rare mitochondrial disorder caused by the disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain or of an enzyme which feeds substrate into this chain. It may be transmitted via mutations in nuclear DNA or in the mitochondrial (maternal) DNA. Management Following the diagnosis, the patient needs to be evaluated for his or her current developmental stage, neurologic signs, […]
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Angiosarcoma is a unique type of cancer. It appears in the inner lining of blood vessels and can occur in any region throughout the body; however, it is most commonly found on skin and in the breast, liver, and tissues. In rare cases, it occurs in the heart and lungs. Subcutaneous angiosarcoma arises beneath the surface of the skin. Deep […]
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The popularity of personalized medicine is dramatically increasing, improving the efficiency of treatments and the prognosis of patients. DNA testing in a scientific laboratory. Genome research using modern biotechnology methods. Image Credit: Sergei Drozd / Shutterstock Each patient is unique, and therefore the “one size fits all” approach typically used within healthcare is not always effective. Therefore, personalized medicine utilizes […]
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A wide range of clinical trials have been conducted with the aim of improving our understanding of MS and developing a cure. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder that severely disrupts the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve fibers of the central nervous system. Image Credit: Kateryna Kon/Shutterstock.com Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease affecting the central nervous system. It […]
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It is well known by now that prisoners have a much higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than the general population, ranging from 4% to 21% of the sample. Many more females than males are affected by PTSD in prison. Credit: karanik yimpat/Shutterstock.com Causes Trauma is almost ubiquitous among a male prison population, with rates of exposure to violence […]
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Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) refers to a group of diseases with autoantibodies against various components of CNS neurons. These act against various neuronal processes and pathways, in different areas of the brain, and so they present in a diverse range of ways. Credit: Naeblys/ Shutterstock.com Pathophysiology Several different groups of disorders have been diagnosed based upon the mechanism of disease. Firstly, […]
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