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Genetic factors in leprosy involve the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system as well as non-HLA genes. These genes affect the individual’s susceptibility to the disease, including bacillary transmission and clinical features. The chromosomes involved in these aspects include 6p21, 10p13, 17q22, and 20p13. The markers associated with leprosy are termed MRC1 and are in chromosome 10. This region codes for […]
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A healthy bladder will have an adequate capacity to retain urine and provide strong urges to pass urine when the maximum capacity is neared. In patients with limited storage capacity for various reasons – e.g. a small bladder or an irritable detrusor muscle – symptoms such as urinary incontinence will arise. These may include increased frequency of voiding by day […]
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Trichinellosis, also known as trichinosis or trichiniasis, represents a parasitic zoonotic disease caused by the parasitic nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Human infection with this parasite stems from the consumption of raw (or semi-raw) meat of infected animals. Credit: ChWeiss/ Shutterstock.com The recognition of trichinellosis can be traced back to antique times, as historical references to similar clinical syndromes have […]
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Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis (CRP) is a skin disorder that is benign but causes significant patient distress because of its disfiguring lesions. Conservative treatment is not usually successful or even acceptable. As a result, many types of treatment have been tried in order to evolve a useful regimen which will help the lesions heal and prevent scarring and recurrence. Antibiotics […]
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Oligospermia is a profoundly disturbing diagnosis for a man. It needs careful evaluation before a definitive diagnosis is made, and before appropriate treatment can be decided upon. Image shows human sperm and cell bodies photomicrograph viewed under a 100x objective. Semen analysis Semen analysis is the primary technique to test for male fertility, and is often the point of referral. […]
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Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) is characterized by a severely impaired immune response. Credit: Andrey_Popov/Shutterstock.com The activity of their specialized white blood cells (T and B lymphocytes, and, occasionally, natural killer cells) is so low that the body lacks its primary defense response, leaving it vulnerable to infection by viruses, bacteria and fungi. Without effective protection or treatment, SCID is […]
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Labial reduction is a term used to describe any surgical procedure that is intended to reduce the size and volume of the labia minora. The criteria for labial reduction are either functional or aesthetic, though in the majority of cases the latter is predominant. This is surprising in view of the fact that the ideal female vulva does not exist, […]
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Microdermabrasion or ‘power peel’ is a type of cosmetic skin surgery in which the outermost or most superficial layers of the skin are removed using a fine abrasive applied very gently. It is not a one-time treatment but is usually repeated at intervals, leading to the formation of a new skin layer which is smoother. Its aim is to improve […]
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Leigh’s disease is a rare mitochondrial disorder caused by the disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain or of an enzyme which feeds substrate into this chain. It may be transmitted via mutations in nuclear DNA or in the mitochondrial (maternal) DNA. Management Following the diagnosis, the patient needs to be evaluated for his or her current developmental stage, neurologic signs, […]
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Angiosarcoma is a unique type of cancer. It appears in the inner lining of blood vessels and can occur in any region throughout the body; however, it is most commonly found on skin and in the breast, liver, and tissues. In rare cases, it occurs in the heart and lungs. Subcutaneous angiosarcoma arises beneath the surface of the skin. Deep […]
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