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General surgery, as the name denotes, encompasses a broad spectrum of operative procedures with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of injuries and diseases in any region of the body. Its scope of interest includes the skin, breasts, abdomen, peripheral vasculature, and head and neck, among other areas. The abdominal viscera, which includes the small and large bowels, liver, gall […]
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Humans have two pairs of teeth during their lifetime, primary (milk teeth) and permanent (adult) teeth. Primary teeth are 20 in number, 10 in each jaw, respectively. Whereas, there are 32 permanent teeth that replace all the primary teeth, sequentially. In general, the eruption of permanent teeth occurs at a specific age. However, genetics and other factors play a crucial […]
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Caused by the bacterial genus Leptospira, leptospirosis is a disease that affects both humans and animals, such as cattle, cats, dogs, and rodents. Sources of infection are the urine or urine-contaminated media (e.g., food, water, and soil) of infected animals. Leptospires can be present in fresh water, which is contaminated by the urine of an infected animal in warmer climates. […]
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The primary cause of actinic keratosis is ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which may be from sunlight or other sources, such as tanning beds. There are, however, several other potential causes of the skin condition, such as X-ray, industrial chemicals and some medications. Each of these causes and risk factors is discussed in more detail below. Sun Exposure The ultraviolet radiation from […]
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Neurological injury that arises due to shaking an infant violently is referred to as shaken baby syndrome (SBS). Classical clinical findings are retinal and subdural hemorrhages. Affected children may appear lethargic with poor feeding and appetite as well as extreme irritability and breathing difficulties. Associated signs and symptoms like seizures, unconsciousness, and coma may also be seen. Furthermore, these children […]
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Most cases of Turner syndrome are diagnosed during childhood or adolescence, although it is possible for indicative signs to be identified in a prenatal ultrasound and confirmed with an amniocentesis diagnostic test. Karyotyping is used to confirm the diagnosis in children and adults, as it analyses the chromosomes and detects the missing X chromosome characteristic of Turner syndrome. The treatment […]
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A bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common form of congenital heart disease and is present in about 2% of the population, affecting twice as many males as females. It is an abnormal form of the aortic valve between the heart and the aorta, the great vessel which supplies blood to the whole body except the lungs. In the […]
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Any surgery done to correct deformities and/ or malformations of the eyes and its surrounding components may be referred to as oculoplastic surgery. Structures such as the bony socket of the eye, eyelids and tear ducts are included, as well as the cheeks and skin in the contiguous area. A combination of reconstruction and plastic surgery may be done by […]
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Adipocytes can be converted into mesenchymal stem cells, which can then be converted into megakaryocytes. These megakaryocytes can be used to produce platelets, which may be a source of safer platelet transfusions. What are adipocytes? Adipocytes are specialized cells that store energy as fat, they are mainly comprised of adipose tissues. Adipocytes differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells; thus, they are […]
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Infertility issues plague nearly 15% of couples in the world. This means that close to 48 million couples worldwide have trouble conceiving a baby despite trying to for a year or more. Of these cases nearly 30% are due to male infertility issues. There is no way to accurately pinpoint cases of male infertility across the globe, but recent studies […]
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