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Breast reconstruction is a form of surgery performed on women who undergo a mastectomy to have part or whole of their breast removed, usually to reduce their risk for breast cancer. Breast reconstruction involves restoring the breast's original shape and size as well as sometimes recreating the nipple and surrounding areola. Breast reconstruction is carried out by a cosmetic or […]
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A kidney transplant is needed in persons who have end stage renal disease with 90% of their kidneys not functioning adequately to remove the waste products from the body. The patients are put on a waiting list for a donor kidney. As soon as a suitable donor kidney is found, the transplant centre will contact the patient who is maintained […]
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Curcumin is a component of the Indian spice turmeric (Curcumin longa), a type of ginger. Curcumin is one of three curcuminoids present in turmeric, the other two being desmethoxycurcumin and bis-desmethoxycurcumin. These curcuminoids give turmeric its yellow color and curcumin is used as a yellow food colorant and food additive. Curcumin is obtained from the dried rhizome of the turmeric […]
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Prostate cancer is the sixth most common cause of cancer death in men worldwide. As a generally slow growing cancer, an important focus of prostate cancer research is early detection of the condition so that it can be treated promptly and effectively. Other important aspects of prostate cancer research include prevention and effective treatment. Some of the main areas of […]
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Throughout wakefulness and sleep, the electrical activity of the brain changes and creates different types of brain waves, characterizing the various stages of sleep. There are two broad stages of sleep: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM), which is further broken up into three stages. Each of these sleep stages is described in more detail below. Stage […]
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Exotosis, commonly known as surfer’s ear, is a condition that involves abnormal bone formation in the canal of the ear. Over time this obstruction can grow to block the canal and lead to hearing impairment. It gets its name from the high number of surfers and swimmers that are affected by surfer’s ear. The cold water and windy conditions associated […]
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Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a broad group of lung diseases comprising of more than a hundred distinct disorders. All of these involve scarring or inflammation of the interstitial lung tissue and affect the volume of oxygen that can reach the bloodstream via the respiratory system. They can be classified into different types, according to the cause of the disease, […]
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Dyssomnia is a broad type of sleep disorders involving difficulty falling or remaining asleep, which can lead to excessive sleepiness during the day due to the reduced quantity, quality or timing of sleep. This is distinct from parasomnias, which involves abnormal behavior of the nervous system during sleep. Symptoms indicative a dyssomnia sleep disorder may include difficulty falling asleep, intermittent […]
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Arthritis is a disease affecting the elderly and the middle aged. However, children and adolescents can also be affected by arthritis in some specific conditions. Juvenile arthritis includes several types of arthritis including spondyloarthropathies and reactive arthritis that affect the children and adolescents. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), also known as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), has some distinctive features that include […]
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The interluekin-6 receptor (IL-6R) is the receptor that IL-6 binds to in order to initiate the body’s responses to inflammation and infection. In what is referred to as “classical signalling”, IL-6 exerts its effects by binding to IL-6R, a glycosylated type 1 membrane-bound protein of around 80 kDa. This binding is mediated by domain 2 and 3 residues on IL-6R. […]
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