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Hiccups occur as a result of sudden, involuntary contractions of the diaphragm, the thin muscular membrane that divides the chest and abdomen and is involved in breathing. When the diaphragm tightens, the vocal cords suddenly close, which results in the characteristic “hic” sound being made at the top of the windpipe. Hiccups are very common, with most people experiencing them […]
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By Megan Knight, BSc In 1911, Francis Peyton Rous made a groundbreaking discovery that certain types of viruses could trigger sarcoma formation in chickens. At this time, when filtration methods that purified particles smaller than both eukaryotic and bacterial cells had just been developed, Rous injected a filtrate containing sarcoma cells of a chicken into another chicken. In the following […]
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Blisters, corns and calluses are all fairly common conditions that affect the skin anywhere on the body. Blister and corns develop most commonly over the skin of the hands and feet, while calluses occur mostly on the feet. Blisters Blisters form when the epidermis (outermost layer) of the skin becomes damaged and fluid flows in to protect the lower layers […]
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Presbyopia, the loss of ability to see objects clearly at near distance, is a medical condition that everyone will experience at some point in their lives. It is a fairly predictable phenomenon of aging and is due to the gradual and progressive hardening of the lens, which is accompanied by a decrease in length and strength of the ciliary muscle. […]
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General surgery, as the name denotes, encompasses a broad spectrum of operative procedures with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of injuries and diseases in any region of the body. Its scope of interest includes the skin, breasts, abdomen, peripheral vasculature, and head and neck, among other areas. The abdominal viscera, which includes the small and large bowels, liver, gall […]
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Humans have two pairs of teeth during their lifetime, primary (milk teeth) and permanent (adult) teeth. Primary teeth are 20 in number, 10 in each jaw, respectively. Whereas, there are 32 permanent teeth that replace all the primary teeth, sequentially. In general, the eruption of permanent teeth occurs at a specific age. However, genetics and other factors play a crucial […]
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Caused by the bacterial genus Leptospira, leptospirosis is a disease that affects both humans and animals, such as cattle, cats, dogs, and rodents. Sources of infection are the urine or urine-contaminated media (e.g., food, water, and soil) of infected animals. Leptospires can be present in fresh water, which is contaminated by the urine of an infected animal in warmer climates. […]
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The primary cause of actinic keratosis is ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which may be from sunlight or other sources, such as tanning beds. There are, however, several other potential causes of the skin condition, such as X-ray, industrial chemicals and some medications. Each of these causes and risk factors is discussed in more detail below. Sun Exposure The ultraviolet radiation from […]
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Neurological injury that arises due to shaking an infant violently is referred to as shaken baby syndrome (SBS). Classical clinical findings are retinal and subdural hemorrhages. Affected children may appear lethargic with poor feeding and appetite as well as extreme irritability and breathing difficulties. Associated signs and symptoms like seizures, unconsciousness, and coma may also be seen. Furthermore, these children […]
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Most cases of Turner syndrome are diagnosed during childhood or adolescence, although it is possible for indicative signs to be identified in a prenatal ultrasound and confirmed with an amniocentesis diagnostic test. Karyotyping is used to confirm the diagnosis in children and adults, as it analyses the chromosomes and detects the missing X chromosome characteristic of Turner syndrome. The treatment […]
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