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Dyssomnia is a broad type of sleep disorders involving difficulty falling or remaining asleep, which can lead to excessive sleepiness during the day due to the reduced quantity, quality or timing of sleep. This is distinct from parasomnias, which involves abnormal behavior of the nervous system during sleep. Symptoms indicative a dyssomnia sleep disorder may include difficulty falling asleep, intermittent […]
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Arthritis is a disease affecting the elderly and the middle aged. However, children and adolescents can also be affected by arthritis in some specific conditions. Juvenile arthritis includes several types of arthritis including spondyloarthropathies and reactive arthritis that affect the children and adolescents. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), also known as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), has some distinctive features that include […]
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The interluekin-6 receptor (IL-6R) is the receptor that IL-6 binds to in order to initiate the body’s responses to inflammation and infection. In what is referred to as “classical signalling”, IL-6 exerts its effects by binding to IL-6R, a glycosylated type 1 membrane-bound protein of around 80 kDa. This binding is mediated by domain 2 and 3 residues on IL-6R. […]
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Three main factors contribute to how much radiation a person absorbs from a source. The following factors can be controlled to minimize exposure to radiation. Increasing distance from the source of radiation The intensity of radiation falls sharply with greater distance, as per the inverse square law. Increasing the distance of an individual from the source of radiation can therefore […]
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Health inequality refers to the differences in healthcare provision between two or more demographic groups despite them having comparative access to healthcare services. Examples of these differences include higher death rates among those from lower occupational classes compared with those from higher classes and a greater likelihood of people from ethnic minorities being diagnosed with a mental health condition. In […]
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The diagnosis of hyponatremia involves assessing levels of sodium in the blood. A healthy sodium level is between 135 and 145 mmol/l and a person is considered to be hyponatremic if the level falls to below 135 mmol/l. The hyponatremia is considered severe if this level falls to below 125 mmol/l. While evaluating a patient, a doctor will also try […]
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The spirochete bacterium Leptospira is a very common disease-causing microorganism for both humans and animals. It can be an occupational or recreational hazard for those who come into frequent contact with the urine or urine-contaminated media (e.g., water, food, and soil) of infected animals. Rodents play an imperative role in the spread of the disease. Leptospires gain entry into the […]
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Lissencephaly (colloquially known as smooth brain) is a rare developmental disorder of the brain cortex due to impaired neuronal migration between the 3rd and 4th months of human gestation. The condition can appear isolated or associated with diverse phenotypes such as Miller-Dieker or Walker-Warburg syndrome. A good knowledge of the normal ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging appearance of the cerebral […]
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Pressure ulcers occur in patients who are immobile for a long period or suffer a sustained pressure over an area of skin for a stretch of time. These are difficult to diagnose early and notoriously challenging to treat. The ulcers begin as a reddish or dark discoloration of the affected skin. This phase is called Stage I of the ulcer. […]
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Hypophosphatasia is a rare, inherited and sometimes fatal metabolic disorder that affects the bones and teeth. The condition disrupts mineralization, where calcium and phosphorus are deposited in bones and teeth. This process is critical to ensuring that bones are strong and teeth are able to withstand grinding and chewing. The clinical signs and symptoms of hypophosphatasia are heterogeneous, varying widely […]
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