Transient Ischemic Attack Treatments

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary condition that will resolve without specific treatment. However, it is important that anyone that is suspected to have experienced a TIA receives medical care as soon as possible to confirm diagnosis and reduce the risk of a subsequent attack or more serious stroke in the future. TIA can be considered as a warning […]

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Electroconvulsive Therapy Mechanism

The main mechanism of action in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the induction of a generalized clonic seizure. This seizure is triggered by the delivery of an electric current to the patient’s brain using electrodes placed on the patient’s head. The nervous system is regulated by electrical currents and disrupting those currents by way of an induced seizure has demonstrated beneficial […]

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What is Morphine?

Morphine is the most abundant analgesic opiate found in opium and is a potent pain reliever. The drug is used in clinical pain relief but is also used illicitly for recreational purposes among drug users. It is potentially highly addictive and can cause intense physical dependence that leads to abuse of the substance. Sources, street names and brand names of […]

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Vulva Fluids and Odor

The vulva and the vagina secrete numerous fluids that are responsible for a number of functions. Fluids from the vagina and vulva include: Urine – This is not technically a vulval or vagina secretion but is present in the fluids of the vulva Sweat – The labia are lined with skin containing sweat glands. Menses – This includes blood and […]

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Estradiol Medication

Estradiol is a female sex hormone produced by the ovaries, adrenal gland and also the placenta during pregnancy. Estradiol is the most important hormone during a female’s reproductive years and is required for reproductive and sexual function as well as having an impact on the health of other organs and tissues. There are several conditions that are caused by deficient […]

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What is Endocrinology?

Clinical endocrinology is a branch of Medicine that deals with the endocrine glands, actions of hormones and their metabolic consequences. Since hormones act on virtually every organ and cell type in the body, the endocrinologist needs to have a definitive knowledge about medicine. Some disorders lie very clearly and totally within the domain of the endocrinologists, being entirely or largely […]

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What is fungal nail infection?

Fungal infections can affect skin, hair as well as nails. Nail infections are common especially in susceptible individuals. It leads to discoloured, ugly and misshapen nails that may even become painful. Usually the condition is treatable with medication but medication may be needed for several weeks, months or even years. (1-5) Who does fungal nail infection affect? Fungal nail infections […]

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Tendinosis Symptoms

Tendinosis describes pain and inflammation in the tendon and may affect tendons in the shoulder, knee, wrist, elbow, finger, thigh or heel. The condition may be caused by tears in the tissue surrounding the tendon or by the slow deterioration of a tendon over time. Tendon tears can be caused by injury incurred through sport, for example, and overuse of […]

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Iodine-131 Exposure

Iodine-131 – I-131 is a radioactive substance that emits both beta and gamma radiation and has a half-life of 8.03 days. Sources of I-131 Under normal circumstances, there are low levels of I-131 present in the nuclear medicine units of hospitals, due to its use in some radiotherapy treatments. Patients that have been treated with radioactive iodine in the last […]

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