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Hepatitis B is a viral infection of the liver that is transmitted through contact with blood or bodily fluids from an individual infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Pathology The virus mainly affects liver function. It invades the liver cells (hepatocytes) and uses the cells’ machinery to replicate within it. The hepatitis B virion binds to the hepatocyte via […]
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The term “rhinitis” is used to describe nasal inflammation that results in rhinorrhea (colloquially known as “runny nose”), congestion, nasal itch, sneezing, postnasal drainage, and in some patients, ocular symptoms such as watering eyes. It represents one of the most frequently encountered chronic conditions for which medical care is sought. Studies conducted in the United States and United Kingdom have […]
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A drug-eluting stent is a device used in operations to treat coronary artery disease. It is usually inserted during balloon angioplasty, in patients who have suffered a heart attack or who have angina. A coronary angioplasty procedure is performed to unblock coronary arteries that have become narrow due to fatty materials accumulating inside them. These narrowed vessels reduce the amount […]
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Pneumonia is a common lung infection that affects millions of people worldwide. Pneumonia is most often caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia, but infection can also be due to a number of viruses, fungi, and mycoplasmas. Worldwide, infection rates are highest in developing nations, particularly in countries in southeast Asia and Africa. When a patient has access to proper medical […]
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Hypoglycemia or low blood sugar is a condition where blood levels of glucose drop below a critical level. Glucose provides energy for various bodily functions and is therefore vital for survival. Glucose is one of the most important sources of energy derived from the foods that we ingest. One of the main sources of glucose is the carbohydrate food group. […]
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Diagnosing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is of vital importance, not only so that treatment can be started early in order to prevent long-term complications but also to prevent transmission and protect communities. There is a wide array of tests available to check for the various organisms that cause STDs including trichomonas, Chlamydia, hepatitis, herpes, HIV and gonorrhoea, amongst others. Diagnosis […]
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After the knee arthroplasty operation recovery is usually rapid. In the hospital right after surgery early knee movement, within the first 24 hours, is encouraged. Recovery times can vary depending on the individual and the type of surgery carried out. Antibiotics and pain relief following knee arthroplasty The patient is provided with antibiotics to prevent infection and adequate pain relief […]
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Food poisoning is basically food or water borne infections. It may be caused due to bacteria, virus, parasites or toxins or chemicals present in food. The onset of the symptoms and severity depends on the time that the infection takes to multiply and take hold. This time is called the incubation period. There are over 250 food borne illnesses. The […]
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Epileptic seizures or fits are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Electrical impulses act on several areas of the brain affecting muscular function, sensation and awareness. The muscles may undergo sudden violent contractions and there may even be a brief loss of consciousness. Some of the symptoms of epileptic seizures are described below: The most common form of […]
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Malaria can be a potentially fatal disease especially when caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible after diagnosis is made. Treatment can be both by oral drugs as well as intravenous injections of antimalarials. Most drugs used in treatment are active against the parasite forms in the blood. Choice of treatment Treatment of a malaria […]
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